![]() Tail Design Setting the posts square and plumb is a two-man job.Ī typical pergola design is to have the tails of all of the horizontal boards cut with a decorative pattern. On this pergola, the builder Ricky Chavez used 2×12 for the girders, 2×10 for the rafters, and 2×4 for a layer of decorative purlins fastened atop the rafters. Most builders use a minimum of 2×8 for the upper framing members, and that’s for a small pergola. Not only will it look weak to the eye, but it will sag over time. A 12-foot span is much too long for a 2×6 board, for example. You also have to consider allowable span based on the size of the pergola you’re building. With 2×6 posts, the girders and cross-members will need to be larger otherwise, the top of the structure will look undersized and anemic. The key to designing a pergola is its visual proportion. Follow this lead and use whatever bracing you need to assist the project during construction. Spend a little time on any rough-framing job site, and you’ll see all manner of temporary bracing and blocking at play. To help ensure a square, plumb, and rigid assembly throughout construction, take a cue from pro framing contractors and brace everything with temporary 2×4 cross-braces to bridge the posts (nailed into the sides). Realize that even after the posts are plumb, square, and set in concrete, they can still shift out of position. Damp soil conditions required the builders to fortify this post footing with extra gravel and concrete. The pergola shown in this article covered an existing concrete patio, and one of the support posts sat on the patio and was fastened to the wall of the house. Repeat this procedure for all four ground-supported posts. Once the post is plumb, the braces can be fastened by staking them to the ground (nailing the stakes to the brace bottoms). The braces are made of 2×4 boards nailed to two adjacent sides of a post and angle down to the ground to prop up the posts. It helps to have one man plumb and align the post while a second worker secures the bottom with concrete and attaches the brace boards that hold the post plumb while the concrete dries. Setting a tall 6×6 post is a two-man job. The posts are made of 6×6 treated lumber rated for ground contact. ![]() Using string along the face of the posts can help guide a square layout. Double and triple-check your measurements during installation. Compact the soil at the bottom of the post holes, add gravel for drainage, then secure the post bottom with concrete while ensuring the posts are plumb and aligned perfectly square with the adjacent post locations. Most pergolas are constructed square to the nearest building structure.ĭig the post holes according to the depth determined by your local building codes to get beneath the frost line in your area. Layout the post locations with stakes and string using the 3-4-5 method to ensure square corners. To integrate a pergola into the existing landscape, they’re usually built square to the house or the nearest structure. Make sure the post material is rated for ground contact. For anything larger, though, the 6×6 stock will not only offer a beefier look and greater carrying capacity, but 6×6 also resists the twisting associated with the more spindly 4x4s. For a very small pergola with only 4 to 6 feet between posts, 4×4 supports will work. To adequately support the lumber overhead as well as give the pergola a sturdy look, you’ll probably need to use 6×6 for the support posts. Typically built of treated lumber, cedar, or redwood, they are fairly simple structures in design, but you should keep some basic building practices in mind to ensure the construction of a pergola lasts for years to come. Pergolas are generally constructed with four support posts connected at the top with rafters and decorative cross-members. A pergola offered a good solution to decorate the patio and mitigate the heat and brightness of the shining sun. The hot tub was exposed to direct sunlight, however, which can get overbearing at the height of a sweltering Alabama summer. The rear patio of the homemade is a nice place to congregate, complete with a fire pit, ample seating, and even a hot tub. That was Steve and Blakeney’s reason for adding a new pergola to their backyard. They can vary in size and design to fit different landscapes and have the added benefit of breaking up the sunlight (but not too much) in areas of the yard where people like to relax and entertain. Pergolas have long been popular additions to a home because they add style and character to the outdoor living space. Alternative Heating & Fireplace InsertsĪdd a stylish pergola to enhance your backyard.
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Other improvements and changes: Experience improved performance when launching Photoshop by optimizing loading. ![]() New contextual taskbar features are now available for working with masking tools.New interaction with the "Erase" tool: Use the Erase tool to draw a border around the object you want to delete, instead of drawing the entire thing.Firefly-powered Generative Fill and Generative Extension experiences in Adobe Photoshop, now available for commercial use with automatically added content validation information. ![]()
![]() One of the strengths of the 4-3-3 defensive structure is that it allows for a solid defensive foundation. The formation consists of four defenders, three midfielders, and three forwards. It is often used by teams that prioritize a strong defensive foundation, while still maintaining an attacking threat. The 4-3-3 defensive structure is a popular formation in soccer that emphasizes defensive stability and structure. How to Implement the 4-3-3 Defensive Structure.Disadvantages of the 4-3-3 Defensive Structure.Advantages of the 4-3-3 Defensive Structure.This article will explore the defensive structure of the 4-3-3 formation and how it can be used to create a strong defense while still allowing for attacking opportunities. Many coaches have explained the 4-3-3 formation in detail throughout the years, with variations that suit different teams and playing styles. This formation also allows for control of possession, which works best with technically competent players who pass, move, and recycle the ball around the team. With three central midfielders, the team can protect the defense, control the center of the pitch, and force the opposition to play out wide. The 4-3-3 formation is known for its defensive structure, which allows for strength through the middle. ![]() ![]() The formation is made up of four defenders, three midfielders, and three forwards, creating a structure that allows for good defensive coverage while still creating attacking opportunities. This formation is well-balanced and offers a good balance between defense and attack. The 4-3-3 formation is a popular and effective soccer formation that has been used by many teams at different levels of the game. ![]() Ver 5.7.2 fixed a bug where VOCALOID5 AU would not open in Logic Pro on macOS 14 Sonoma.Ver 5.7.1 fixes a loading bug on MacOS 10.13 Ventura for the VSTi/AU version and a bug of incorrect recognition of the file version of an imported project.The update was released alongside the VOCALOID6 release. ![]() Ver 5.7.0 permits users to use properly both VOCALOID5 and VOCALOID6 on the same machine, without overwriting some data.Ver 5.6.2 fixed a bug of sound cutting off at the end of the first part when VOCALOID part was used continuously over two parts in the same track. ![]() Ver 5.6.1 fixed a bug that was introduced on the previous update, which caused some Spanish phonetic symbols to not be converted properly.Ver 5.6.0 improved playback processing, and made it possible to gradually listen to parts from the beginning while rendering also brought some stability improvements.Ver.5.5.0 added a Part/Note Duplication function, improved keyboard note selection and editing scrolling process, revised the activation process and fixed some stability improvements.Ver 5.4.1 acknowledges the engine is now compatible with macOS Catalina and brings some more stability improvements.Ver 5.4.0 brought some improvements to existing functions and to stability, as well as stability improvements for the 4.5 Editor for Cubase.Ver.5.3.1 gave some supplementary abilities while editing and stability improvements.Ver.5.2.1 provided general improvements to stability.For the VST/AU ReWire version for DAWs it added support for changing song position, turning on/off loop, and adjusting the loop range. Functionality for lengthening and shortening phrases and parts by either double or half tempo were added. It improved tag narrowing for searching and added a reset button to clear tag navigation. It is also possible to download new media if available from the program's startup. WAV files as media, and transposing non-wav media files into different keys, adding media by double clicking and sampling it by single clicking. It also introduced new features to the media parts including saving the key and tempo, saving. The most notable updates were the introduction of multicore / multithreading part rendering and improved processing skill of Singing Skill. Ver.5.2.0 was a major update to the engine.Ver 5.0.3 was a fix for stability and performance improvements as well as for correcting crashing issues.Ver.5.0.2 was a general stability fix as well as fixing a few bugs that either cause crashing or glitches.confirmed they were not making any V5 voicebanks. In addition to the departure of PowerFX Systems AB., Internet Co., Ltd. This would upgrade the engine side of the package to VOCALOID5, though IA remains a VOCALOID3 vocal. In the past offers had only been given to direct upgrades from each engine version to the next.Īn upgrade offer was given to those who purchased the " IA DAW PACKAGE". Amy, Chris, Kaori, and Ken replaced the VY series and acted as the new Yamaha standard vocals.Īn upgrade offer was allowed for all versions of VOCALOID3 and VOCALOID4 to the new VOCALOID5 version, including VOCALOID NEO and VOCALOID Editor for Cubase. Standard included the new 4 vocals while Premium included the same vocals in addition to CYBER DIVA II, CYBER SONGMAN II, VY1, and VY2. VOCALOID5 was confirmed to release in two versions: Standard and Premium. This new version introduced 4 new vocals: Amy, Chris, Kaori, and Ken. VOCALOID5 was later released on July 12, 2018, hours after both the website updated and Sora was leaked. The release date was noted to be July 26, 2018, indicating that VOCALOID5 may be released before or on the same day. Ltd., whose Amazon description referred to her as a "VOCALOID5" vocal. The first official "leak" also appeared in the form of Haruno Sora, a VOCALOID/ VOICEROID by AH-Software Co. ![]() Many took this as speculation as to preparation for a new upcoming version of the engine, as this happened when VOCALOID3 was replaced with VOCALOID4, and several things occurred including a website overhaul. The first hint that VOCALOID5 was about to be released appeared in late June 2018 when the announcement of several VOCALOID retirements were being made at the VOCALOID SHOP. ![]()
![]() For future works, the framework can be tested with variations of PGG or other related strategic interactions.There are not so many resources out there for AnyLogic. The thesis also showed that there is a need for further investigation on behaviours in continuous-time PGG. With the ABOOMS framework, economists can develop PGG simulation models in a structured way and communicate them with a formal model specification. Our new framework allows to do the latter in a structured way. Thus, it is important to study both discrete and continuous time PGG, with laboratory experiment and ABMS. Experimentation with the agent-based model generated dynamics that are not presented in discrete-time setting. During the development, a new social preference, Generous Conditional Cooperators, was introduced to better explain the behavioural dynamics in continuous-time PGG. To the best of our knowledge such agent-based models do not exist. Additionally, the thesis developed an agent-based model of a PGG in a continuous-time setting. Keep-It-Descriptive-Stupid), capability in supporting complex psychological mechanisms, and ability to model dynamic behaviours in both discrete and continuous time. ![]() After applying the ABOOMS framework to three case studies, the framework demonstrates flexibility in development with two different modelling principles (Keep-It-Simple-Stupid vs. The framework is named ABOOMS (Agent-Based Object-Oriented Modelling and Simulation). It utilizes software engineering methods to provide a structured approach to identify agent interactions, and design simulation architecture and agent behaviour. The framework uses the Unified Modelling Language (UML) as a standard specification language, and includes a simulation development lifecycle, a step-by-step development guideline, and a short guide for modelling agent behaviour with statecharts. We construct a development framework with incorporated software engineering techniques, then tailored it to ABMS of PGG. This thesis aims to leverage the potential of ABMS of PGG, focusing on the development methodology of ABMS and the modelling of agent behaviour. We believe that this has contributed to ABMS of PGG not having been used to its full potential. However, there is a lack of guidelines regarding the detailed development process and the modelling of agent behaviour for agent-based models of PGGs. Research findings from these laboratory studies have inspired studies using computational agents and vice versa. Social scientists can conduct laboratory experiments of PGGs to study human behaviours in strategic situations. In the PGG, participants secretly choose how many of their private money units to put into a public pot. ![]() One of the popular strategic situations is the Public Goods Game (PGG). In Economics, ABMS has been used to model many strategic situations. Because ABMS offers a methodology to create an artificial society in which actors with their behaviour can be designed and results of their interaction can be observed, it has gained attention in social sciences such as Economics, Ecology, Social Psychology, and Sociology. ![]() The interaction of the individual behaviours of the agents results in the global behaviour of the system. In Agent-based Modelling and Simulation (ABMS), a system is modelled as a collection of agents, which are autonomous decision-making units with diverse characteristics. ![]() Some loan applications ask for a co-signer - usually a parent or guardian.įederal vs. For federal loans, for example, you just submit the FAFSA. Many student loans entail a simple application process. This means you can pay back more of the principal, or the original amount of the loan, each time you make a payment. The best student loans for college boast low interest rates. This allows you to focus on your coursework rather than worrying about making payments. In many cases, you aren't required to start repaying student loans until after you graduate. You'll then receive funds you can put toward educational expenses such as tuition, housing, textbooks, and university fees. How Do Student Loans Work?Ī college loan is similar to a car or home loan in that you compare your loan options before signing an agreement. In this guide, we cover student loan fundamentals, including what types of loans there are, how to apply for a loan, and the processes of student loan repayment and deferment. Before you apply for a college loan, be sure to consider multiple factors, such as the loan's interest rate and its potential long-term impact on your credit score and budget. Students typically take out loans after exhausting all other funding options. Unlike the former, however, loans must be paid back, usually with interest. Private loans for college can offer additional funding but often come with higher interest rates.Īlong with scholarships and grants, loans are one of the primary ways people fund their college education.All students can apply for federal student loans by filing the FAFSA.Unlike grants and scholarships, college loans must be paid back, typically with interest.Student loans are one of the main ways people fund their college education.The Public Ivies, Little Ivies, and Other Ivy League Equivalents. ![]() Arjuna wins the competition, but Karna challenges Arjuna as Dronacharya declared Arjuna as the greatest bowman of the world. ![]() Years pass and the princes return to Hastinapur, where they are engaged in a competition of showcasing their skills. All princes are sent to study under Guru Dronacharya where Dronacharya teaches everyone about warfare including his son Ashwatthama. Bhishma banishes Shakuni from Hastinapur, forcing him to return to Gandhar. Shakuni tries to poison Bheema, but he is saved by his great-grandfather Naag Raj. Pandavas return to Hastinapur with Kunti, after the death of Pandu and Madri. Years pass, and the Kauravas grow up to be evil, led by their eldest brother Duryodhana, who is highly influenced by his uncle Shakuni, contrary to the Pandavas who are righteous. Gandhari is jealous by this development and gives birth to a lump of flesh after being pregnant for 2 years, but this is cut into 101 pieces by Veda Vyasa, and these pieces eventually transform into children - the 100 Kauravas (led by Duryodhana) and a daughter, Dushala. She also chants the boon for Madri, and Madri obtains twins - Nakula and Sahadeva - from the Ashwini Kumaras. She begets Yudhishthira from Yama (the god of death and righteousness), Bhima from Vayu (the god of wind), Arjuna from Indra (the king of the gods). Kunti uses her boon, given to her by Sage Durvasa, to invoke gods of her choice and obtain children from them. After this Dhritarashtra becomes de facto king of Hastinapur. ![]() Pandu, heartbroken, renounces the kingdom with his 2 wives Kunti and Maduri. Pandu is later cursed by Sage Kindama, that he will die if he attempts to impregnate his wives. Pandu marries Kunti, a princess of Kunti Kingdom, and Madri of Madra Kingdom. Dhritarashtra is denied the throne for being blind, and the throne is given to Pandu. This angers Shakuni, the brother of Gandhari, and he vows to destroy Bhishma, as it was him who had brought the proposal for Gandhari's marriage. After knowing her would-be-husband is blind Gandhari decided to blindfold herself to share her husband's pain. Soon, Ambika gives birth to Dhritarashtra, born blind, Ambalika gives birth to Pandu, born pale and Parashrami gives birth to Vidura.ĭhritarashtra is married to Gandhari, the princess of Gandhara Kingdom because of her boon of bearing a hundred sons. Besides the queens, Vyasa also impregnates a maid Parishrami through occult. ![]() Vichitravirya died without any children, but Veda Vyasa, the son of Satyavati born through occult is requested to impregnate Vichitravirya's 2 wives Ambika and Ambalika the same way he was conceived. She blames Bhisma and vows that she will be the reason of his death. Chitrangad dies and on the advice of queen Satyavati Bhisma wins the three princesses of Kashi kingdom for Vichitravirya but the eldest Princess Amba refuses to marry him and leaves for her lover who rejects her. Shantanu and Satyavati marry and have 2 children - Chitrangada and Vichitravirya. The story begins with Bhishma, the son of Shantanu and Ganga, taking his oath of celibacy to convince Satyavati to marry his father Shantanu, the king of Hastinapura. Ltd, it starred Saurabh Raj Jain, Pooja Sharma, Shaheer Sheikh and Aham Sharma. The series is available digitally on Disney+ Hotstar. It aired from 16 September 2013 to 16 August 2014 on Star Plus. Mahabharat is a 2013 Indian mythological television series based on the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata. ![]() A couple of hairpins and some tight complexes are broken up by faster stretches with a lovely open hairpin at the Attack Mode point. Circuito Cittadino dell’EUR – Available as Rome E-Prix Track or as part of Formula E Packįight like a gladiator on the streets of Rome, but luckily there won’t be any manhole covers to watch out for like in the real world of Formula E. With rF2’s version of the track, you’re also pitting yourself against the best in the world in the title that plays host to the official Virtual 24 Hours of Le Mans. Circuit de la Sarthe – Available as Le Mans 24hįor endurance racing, it doesn’t get any more iconic than Le Mans. Only by roaming around it do you get a sense of why people enjoy it so much. Buckmore Park – Only available in the KartSim Esports PackĪ classic of British karting, Buckmore is made up of flat-out sections broken up by right hairpins. Three hairpin-style complexes are complemented by tight 90-degree right handers and a fast chicane to make up this track. Situated right in the bay of New York City, the Brooklyn street circuit is as arduous as it is picturesque. Brooklyn Street Circuit – Available as New York E-Prix Track To best this track, you have to be able to both run low in the corners and up at the wall on the straights without earning a lovely stripe down your car. Brookdaleīased on the famous Darlington track, this oval is slightly tighter at one end compared to the other. It takes a while to learn this track but, once you do, it’s very rewarding. Its flat profile is quite deceptive, with some corners carrying enough banking to make any car feel like it’s on an oval. It’s still the same beast as we’ve all come to know and love, though! Botniaringīotniaring is a bit of a hidden gem of a track. You have a 2014 version available to you in this title, courtesy of former developers ISI. BathurstĪustralia’s most famous track is here in all of its glory. It’s a lovely little club circuit, something that comes up a lot on this list. Mores is an entertaining short circuit, which makes the most of the terrain around it to create an awesome short circuit. There’s also a similarly challenging karting circuit if you want to try your hands at karting while you’re there. Get ready to push any car to its absolute limit around here. This track is a lot of fun with challenging corners made even more challenging by camber and gradient. You have a fast superspeedway oval, a tricky and flat interior road course, and a “roval” that uses about half of each. Apple Valley Speedwayīased off of Auto Club in Fontana, you have three layouts at your disposal for this track. It takes a lot of guts and a bit more than talent to master your racecraft around this track. This is a very technical track with a figure-eight layout and a lot of camber in the corners. Alaharma – Available as KartSim Alaharma or as a part of KartSim Esports Pack ![]() To succeed, you need to be able to make the most of your sliding and bouncing around the kerbs. The Tracks Adria Karting Raceway – Available as KartSim Adria or as part of KartSim Esports PackĪdria is a swift blast where you push your kart to the absolute limit. Whilst most of these tracks can be found either on the Studio 397 website or the Steam storefront, others are available through the Steam workshop. ![]() In this article, we explore these tracks in a little bit more depth. While many of these are mods, there is a wealth of tracks available either through the base game or paid DLC. RFactor 2 is known for its massive variety of tracks. ![]() The date of production of a tire is particularly important, and is specified with 2 digits for the week of the year, and 2 digits for the year. Note that tires have many additional marks or codes, such as the DOT code.ĭOT code: the DOT code is a required code in the United States that specifies the company, factory, batch, mold, and date of production of the tire. For example, a tire with a load index of 95 and speed rating of H can carry 1,520 lb (690 kg) at a tire pressure of 42 psi and a speed of 130 mph (210 km/h). The speed rating of a tire is the maximum speed at which a tire can carry a load that corresponds to its load index. Speed rating: The last part of the code is a 1- or 2-digit/letter that indicates the speed rating of the tire. For example, a load index of 95 means that a tire can carry 1,520 lb (690 kg) at a tire pressure of 42 psi. The load index indicates the maximum weight that a tire can carry at a given inflation level. Load index: The next part of the code is a 2- or 3-digit number referred to as the load index of the tire. There are many different tire sizes, and the same wheel (rim) can be used with different tire sizes, as long as the middle of the tire is the correct size for the rim. Cross-ply tires are tires whose internal construction is made of nylon cord placed diagonally across each other, usually at an angle of 55°.ĭiameter of the wheel: The next part of the code is a 1- or 2-digit number that indicates the diameter of the wheel, in units of inches, that the tire is designed to fit.This offers additional support and makes the tire stiffer. This additional layer is comprised of stabilizer belts, typically made of steel or other corded material applied at different angles relative to the topmost layer of ply. This type of tire is similar in construction to diagonal tires except that a bias-belted tire has an additional layer above the topmost layer of ply. In this type of tire construction, the cords run along the circumference of the tire at a 30-40° angle from bead (the part of the tire that contacts the rim of the wheel) to bead, and the layers crisscross over each other. In a radial internal construction, the cords run along the circumference of the tire, perpendicular to the direction of travel (or axis of rotation). Almost all passenger cars use tires with radial internal construction. It is an optional letter in the tire code, and if it is omitted, it is assumed that the tire is a cross-ply tire. The internal construction is largely responsible for the strength and durability of a tire. The inside of a tire is made up of plies of cord, referred to as the tire's carcass. Internal construction: The next part of the code is a single letter (B, D, R) that indicates the internal construction of the tire. For example, for a tire with code 200/65, the section height is 200 × 65% = 130 mm. A tire with the code xxx/65 indicates that the section height of the tire is 65% of its width. The section height is the height of the tire measured from the rim to the outer edge of the tire the section width is the width from sidewall to sidewall. It is a 2- or 3-digit number that indicates the ratio of the tire's section height to its width. ![]() In the figure above, the 215 means that the nominal section width of the tire is 215 mm.Īspect ratio: The next part of the code follows the forward slash ( / ). The nominal section width is the widest point of the tire or the width from sidewall to sidewall. Nominal section width: The second part of the code is a 3-digit number that describes the nominal section width of the tire in millimeters (mm). Tires with the T specification are usually spare tires that are not intended for everyday use. These types of tires are used for trailers such as boat trailers, utility trailers, and travel trailers. Tires with the LT specification are designed to carry heavy loads and are capable of towing trailers. Tires with the P specification are intended for use with cars, SUVs, crossovers, minivans, and smaller pickup trucks. Intended use: The first part of the code is made up of 1 or 2 letters (P, LT, ST, T) that describe the type of vehicle that the tire is intended to be used with. Each part of the code describes some characteristic of the tire refer to the figure below. Being able to read the tire code can be important, particularly when considering getting new wheels or tires, as being able to read the tire code is necessary for calculating things like tire size. Tire 1: / RĬar tires are described by an alphanumeric code, as shown in the figure below. Use this calculator to compare the sizes of two tires both numerically and visually. |
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